1)
On two occasions during 1952-53 Jawaharlal Nehru visited the Egyptian leaders
in search of guidance. At the end of the second visit an Egyptian spokesman
indicated that "it is possible that Egypt may ally herself with the neutralist
bloc of Asian nations in order to try to put an end to the imperialist
occupation of the Suez Canal Zone by Great Britain."
(2)
Flower, Napoleon to Nasser, pp. 195-96; and Nutting, Nasser, pp. 91-100,
105-6.
(3)
An unsigned pamphlet published by the Information Service made a retrospective
catalogue of the basic characteristics of positive neutralism:
| "(
1 ) First of all, and to the finish, to safeguard national independence
against imperialist aggression in an international situation in which national
government and a refusal to barter away independence have been brought
within the realm of the possible. In other words, this is a practical battle
against imperialism in order to eliminate it from all parts of the world,
to free national economies from any foreign influence, rejecting foreign
alliances, denouncing imperialism at home and abroad, and supporting national
movements in countries which have not won independence or in which independence
is threatened.
"(
2 ) . . . Solidarity . . . It is inevitable that the states professing
positive neutralism should seek allies in order to bring about the collapse
of imperialist plans for aggression from without and conspiracies within,
to establish economic blockades and to gain assistance in the industrialization
of their countries and in their economic development in order to consolidate
their national independence. These allies are represented by the other
countries in Asia and Africa that profess positive neutralism and are ready
to assist one another in confronting imperialism and its crimes. But they
are represented also by the socialist countries as the parties most interested
in the preservation of peace, an essential condition for the consolidation
and development of their economies. This fusion of the common interests
of the socialist countries and of the nationalist countries in Asia and
Africa creates the possibilities for economic assistance to be furnished
by the former to the latter without political conditions . . .
"(3)
. . . an independent attitude on international problems . . . , not necessarily
a third position, which in no way means passivity . . . ; our attitude
is dictated by the national interests of our country and by the interests
of peace.
"(4)
Once the positive idea has been accepted, it becomes obvious that for us
there can be no question of neutrality in the struggle under way between
imperialism and the peoples striving to preserve their independence, in
the world struggle for world peace . . .
"(5)
Positive neutralism does not confuse friend with foe, nor does it put them
on equal footing in its evaluation of them and dealings with them . . " |
(4)
July 1954: Israeli intelligence planted "a ring of spies (moles)" in Cairo.
Its task was to begin sabotage operations against selected Egyptian, British
and American targets. On July 14, the Alexandria post office was fire-bombed,
and the U.S. Information Agency offices in Cairo and Alexandria were damaged
by fire started by phosphorous incendiary devices, as was a British-owned
theater. Members of the spy ring were caught, and they confessed. They
had been planted by Modin, the Israeli military intelligence organization.
The purpose was to sabotage Egyptian relations with the U.S. and Britain.
For details of the Lavon affair, see Caffery to Duller, 4 Aug. 1954, FRUS,
1952-1954, 9:1599; Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, pp. 209-16; and Heikal, Cairo
Documents, pp. 43-44.
(5)
The "Bat Galim" ship was captured by the Egyptian navy on September 30,
1954 at the southern entrance of the Suez Canal. Ten sailors were
arrested. Subsequently Egypt released them on January 1, 1955
after the intervention of the UN Security council., For documentation on
the Bat Galim issue, see Hart to Murphy, 7 Sept. 1954, RG 59, 774.5; Lodge
to Duller, 12, 13 Oct., 29 Nov. 1954, and Dulles to Lodge, 13 Oct., 4 Nov.
1954, RG 59, 974.5301; Duller to Lodge, 20 Dec. 1954, RG 59, 674.84A; Aldrich
to Dulles, 29 Oct. 1954, RG 59, 611.41; and FRUS, 1952-1954, 9:1660, 1663-67,
1672-74, 1700-1704, 1714-15, 1719, 173132, 1738-41. For British documentation,
see FO 371/108505, file JE1261/22-211, esp. Allen to K. J. Simpson, 23
Feb. 1955, JE1261/24.
(6)
Shuckburgh
diary, 7 Mar. 1955, Descent to Suez, p. 252; and memorandum of conversation
by Duller, 14 Feb. 1955, FR US, 1955-1957, 14:53-54.
(1)
Dulles to State Department, 24 Feb. 1955, FRUS, 1955-1957, 14:70. See also
Shuckburgh to Stevenson, 15 Feb. 1955, and Shuckburgh to Eden, 16 Feb.
1955, FO 371/115865, VR1076/22; record of discussion between Eden and Nasser,
20 Feb. 1955, FO 800, Eg/55/3; minutes of meeting, 2 Mar. 1955, CAB 128/28,
CC 19/55/3; and Dulles to Lawson, FRUS, 1955-1957, 14:92-93. For details
of the Gaza raid, see Byroade to Dulles, 1 Mar. 1955, Lawson to Dulles,
1 Mar. 1955, and editorial note, ibid., pp. 73-78.
(2)
Byroade to Dulles, 6 Apr. 1955, FR US, 1955-1957, 14:144-45. See also Byroade
to Dulles, 1 Mar. 1955, ibid., p. 80; Baker, Egypt's Uncertain Revolution,
pp. 35-37; and Dawisha, Egypt in the Arab World, p. 12. . Byroade to Dulles,
16, 17, 20 May 1955, FR US, 1955-1957, 14:188-92; Flower, Napoleon to Nasser,
pp. 195-96; and Nutting, Nasser, pp. 91-100, 105-6. LaFeber,
America, Russia, and the Cold War, pp. 174-84 /Khrushchev quoted p. 175/;
and Glassman, Arms for the Arabs, pp. 7-14.
(3)
Byroade to Dulles, 20 May, 9 June 1955, FR US, 1955-1957, 14:192, 234.
See also J. W Hanes to Russell, 15 Feb. 1955, Russell to Dulles, 14 Feb.
1955, Russell to Hoover, 5 May 1955, Hoover to Dulles, 5 May 1955, and
Roderic L. O'Connor to Dulles, 6 May 1955, Dulles Papers, White House Memoranda
Series, box 3; and Byroade to Dulles, 3, 5 Apr., 5, 17 May 1955, MacArthur
to Hoover, 7 Apr. 1955, and Dulles to Byroade, 3 May 1955, FRUS, 1955-1957,
14:129-33, 141, 146-47, 169, 178, 189-90.
(4).
Memorandum by Harold Macmillan, 11 June 1955, CAB 129/71, CP(55)35; and
Alpha statement, 19 Aug. 1955, and Dulles to Eisenhower, 1 Sept. 1955,
Whitman File: Dulles-Herter Series, box 4.
(5)
Byroade to Dulles, 24 Mar., 10 May, 6 June, 24 Aug., 1 Sept. 1955, Lawson
to Dulles, 25, 30 Mar., 5, 15 Apr., 12 June, 28 Aug. 1955, Dulles to Lawson,
20 May 1955, Cole to Dulles, 16, 23 July 1955, memorandum of conversation
by Russell, 25 Aug. 1955, unsigned messages from the embassy in Egypt,
26 Aug. 1955, Henderson to Lawson, 27 Aug. 1955, Hoover to Dulles, 3 Sept.
1955, and editorial notes, FRUS, 1955-1957, 14:119-20, 125-26, 134-38,
157-58, 182-84, 191, 220-22, 240-41, 299--300, 318-19, 390-91, 397-99,
404, 406-7, 412-15, 437-38, 445-46, 448-49.
(6)
Byroade quoted in Powers to Radford, 18 Aug. 1955, RG 218, CJCS (Radford)
091 Egypt; Allen quoted in Copeland, Game of Nations, p. 156.
(7)
British minutes of meetings, 20 Sept. 1955, FRUS, 1955-1957, 14:487. See
also Aldrich to Dulles, 4, 13, 30 Aug. 1954, RG 59, 874.00; memorandum
by Harold Macmillan, 12 Oct. 1954, CAB 131/14, D(54)34; minutes of meetings,
27 Oct. 1954, 13, 28 July 1955, CAB 131/14 and 16, D(54), 6th meeting,
minute 1, DC(55), 6th meeting, minute 3, and DC(55), 7th meeting, minute
6; and memorandum of conversation by Kirkpatrick, 18 May 1955, and minute
by Eden, 8 July 1955, FO 371/113608, JE1057/4.
(8)
Heikal, Cutting the Lion's Tail, pp. 71-85; and Copeland, Game of Nations,
pp. 152r69.
(9)
But the time had come to give the world a sensation, so he decided to take
the final step. First, he gave the American Ambassador one last chance.
Calling him personally by telephone, he said, "Either you get action on
my request for arms from Washington or I am going to sign a contract with
the Russians." A few days later, just so no one could say there had not
been adequate warning, Sabri told reporters, "If in the course of the coming
week the Americans do not agree to give us what we are asking for yet again,
we shall have to buy armaments from the Communist countries." The contract
was actually signed secretly on Saturday, September 24, 1955.  On
Monday, Nasser made a telephone call to the American Ambassador and told
him what he had done. Later that day, the British Ambassador asked if he
could see the Prime Minister, urgently. When he arrived, somewhat distraught,
he said he had been told the news by the Americans. "Is it really true?"
he asked. "We have made a purely commercial agreement," Nasser replied.
On Tuesday, he made the public announcement at the military exhibition.
Washington reacted quickly. George V. Allen, Deputy Secretary of State
for Middle Eastern Affairs, was put on the first available plane for Cairo.
When this news was published, Cairo chortled with pleasure. One Egyptian
newspaperman said, "In the old days we had to crawl on our bellies to Washington.
Now Washington crawls on its belly to us." While Allen was on his way,
Washington listed what it had heard would be in the Czech shipment: two
or three hundred MIG-15 jet fighters, twenty-five medium bombers, one to
two hundred Stalin tanks, six submarines, and shipload after shipload of
smaller materiel. When Allen arrived he was taken at once to the American
Embassy for a briefing. An audience with Nasser was arranged for the next
morning. Allen, accompanied by the American Ambassador, arrived a little
before the appointed time. They waited half an hour and then asked if the
Prime Minister had been told they were there. He had been. They waited
an hour and asked a secretary if some error had been made. No error had
been made. "The Prime Minister is aware that you are here," he said.It
was an hour and a half before they were admitted. Several different accounts
were later given to reporters to explain the delay. The Embassy said the
Prime Minister had been waiting for clarification from his own representative
at the United Nations in New York of some point involved in the controversy.
Allen later explained that his trip was not about the Czech arms shipments
at all. Others said the delayed appointment had been due to "a misunderstanding."
Four years afterward the Egyptian official who had handled the situation
for the Prime Minister declared, "This is one subject on which we and we
alone are competent to comment, for no one else in the world knows why
we did something except we ourselves. We kept Mr. Allen waiting because
we had heard he was bringing from Washington an indignant letter and that
he intended to bang the table and give us a lecture. We kept him waiting
to cool him off. We kept him waiting until he agreed not to present the
note he had been sent to deliver." Whatever the reason, the result was
that the personal representative of the President of the United States
was held up to embarrassment in the eyes of the world. Egypt had waited
many centuries to humiliate so powerful a nation publicly. The Czech contract
was signed now, and she could be supremely and even arrogantly independent,
if she pleased. The Allen trip convinced Nasser, his advisers, and the
Arab public that the West was panicky. This caused delight in a large part
of the Middle East. Nasser was the hero of the Arab world now. People were
paying hardearned money for copies of his picture in the shops of Amman,
Beirut, Damascus, even Baghdad. This almost universal Arab reaction demonstrated
the hunger of these people for what Nasser kept calling "dignity." Excerpts
from Robert St. John , The Boss, The Story of Gamal Abdel Nasser, pp 209-210.
(10)
Macmillan to Eden, 22 Sept. 1955, FO 800/669, Eg/55/7; Macmillan, Tides
of Fortune, p. 637.
(11)
Shuckburgh diary, 26, 27 Sept. 1955, Descent to Suez, p. 281; Macmillan
quoted in Home, Macmillan, p. 368; memorandum of conversation by Wilkins,
3 Oct. 1955, FRUS, 1955-1957, 14:542r-49; Macmillan to Trevelyan, 4 Oct.
1955, and Macmillan to Makins, 4 Oct. 1955, FO 800/669, Eg/55/17, 30, and
31; minutes of meeting, 20 Oct. 1955, CAB 128/29, CM 36(55)1; State Department
report, 14 Nov. 1955, IR 7074, RG 59; and Dulles to Eisenhower, [Oct. 1955],
Whitman File: Dulles-Herter Series, box 4. See also Trevelyan to Macmillan,
26 Sept. 1955, FO 371/113608, JE1057/11; memorandum of conversation by
Dulles, 28 Sept. 1955, Dulles Papers, Telephone Conversation Series, box
4; Eden to Macmillan, 27, 28, 30 Sept. 1955, and Macmillan to Eden, 3 Oct.
1955, FO 800/669, Eg/55/10-16 and 25; Eisenhower to Bulganin, 11, 24 Oct.
1955, Whitman File: Dulles-Herter Series, box 4; and Trevelyan to Eden,
13 Oct. 1955, and Eden to Trevelyan, 27 Oct. 1955, PREM 11/859.
(1)
Hoover to Humphrey, 14 Dec. 1955, WHCF-DDE (Confidential), box 70; Hoover
testimony, 17 Jan. 1956, U.S. Congress, Senate, Executive Sessions, p.
45; Dulles quoted in Finer, Dulles over Suez, p. 38; minutes of meeting,
3 Nov. 1955, CAB 128/28, CM 39(55)5; Eden to Eisenhower, 26 Nov. 1955,
PREM 11/1177; and memorandum of conversation by Russell, 26 Oct. 1955,
FRUS, 1955-1957, 14:655. See also minutes of meetings, 20 Oct., 22 Nov.
1955, CAB 128/28, CM 36(55)1 and CM 42(55)9; Macmillan to Foreign Office,
26 Oct. 1955, FO 371/113641, JE1072/1; Allen Dulles to Foster Dulles, 29
Oct. 1955, and minutes of NSC meeting, 1 Dec. 1955, FRUS, 1955-1957, 14:679-80,
812-17; progress report on NSC 5428, 2 Nov. 1955, RG 273; Hoover to Dulles,
28 Nov. 1955, and memorandum of conversation, 29 Nov. 1955, Dulles Papers,
Telephone Conversations Series, box 11; Sherman Kent to Allen Dulles with
attachment, 29 Nov. 1955, Allen Dulles Papers, box 67; memorandum of conversation,
9 Dec. 1955, Dulles Papers, White House Memoranda Series, box 3; Hoover
to Dulles, [ca. 18 Dec. 1955], WHCF-DDE (Confidential), box 70; and interview
with Winthrop Aldrich, DOHC.
(2)
Hoover to Byroade, 16 Dec. 1955, FRUS, 1955-1957, 14:868-70. See also memorandum
of conversation by Gay, 23 Sept. 1954, RG 59, 874.00; Perry Ellis to Dulles,
20 Oct. 1954, FR US, 1952-1954, 9:2308-12; memorandum of conversation by
Allen, 16 Nov. 1955, editorial note, memorandum of conversation by Hoover,
12 Dec. 1955, and Hoover to Byroade, 15 Dec. 1955, FRUS, 1955-1957, 14:777-80,
837-38, 849-51, 860-65; Hoover to Dulles, [ca. 18 Dec. 1955], WHCFDDE (Confidential),
box 70; Foreign Office brief, 29 Dec. 1955, FO 371/119047, JE 1422/8; memorandum
of conversation, 23 Jan. 1956, Dulles Papers, Telephone Conversations Series,
box 5; progress report on NSC 5428, 17 May 1956, RG 273; interviews with
Black and with Humphrey and Hoover, DOHC; and Mason and Asher, World Bank,
pp. 632-37.
(3)
Memorandum of conversation by Bergus, 11 Oct. 1955, FR US, 1955-1957, 14:572;
Ben-Gurion quoted in Dulles to Eisenhower, 18 Nov. 1955, WHCF-DDE (Confidential),
box .70; and minutes of meeting, 8 Nov. 1955, CAB 131/16, DC(55), 14th
meeting, minute 2. See also Dulles to State Department, 26, 31 Oct. 1955,
memorandum of conversation by Allen, 16 Nov. 1955, Lawson to Dulles, 17
Nov. 1955, Dulles to Byroade, 10 Dec. 1955, and Sharett to Dulles, 12 Dec.
1955, FRUS, 1955-1957, 14:657-59, 683-84, 773-76, 784-86, 841-48; Goodpaster
to Adams, 31 Oct. 1955, and memorandum of conversation, 9 Nov. 1955, Whitman
File: Dulles-Herter Series, boxes 4 and 5; memorandum by Jacob K. Javits,
18 Nov. 1955, WHCF-DDE (Confidential), box 70; minutes of meeting, 2 Dec.
1955, CAB 131/16, DC(55), 16th meeting, minute 4; memoranda of conversation
by Dulles, 9 Dec. 1955, 11 Jan. 1956, Dulles Papers, White House Memoranda
Series, boxes 3 and 4; and minutes of meeting, 3 Jan. 1956, CAB 128/30,
CM 1/50/3.
(4).
Eisenhower diary entry, 11 Jan. 1956, Whitman File: Diary Series, box 9;
Anderson quoted in Ewald, Eisenhower, p. 194. See also Dulles to Aldrich,
7 Dec. 1955, memorandum of conversation by Russell, 30 Dec. 1955, Dulles
to Lawson, 6 Jan. 1956, and Anderson to Dulles, 27 Jan. 1956, FR US, 1955-1957,
14:836, 890-92, 15:15, 80-82; and memorandum of conversation by Dulles,
11 Jan. 1956, Dunes Papers, White House Memoranda Series, box 4. The undercover
officer(s) in Cairo filed voluminous reports of meetings with Nasser. See
FRUS, 19551957, 15:56-58, 60-63, 119-20, 127-29, 138-40, 147-48, 152-58,
173-74, 19596, 198-207, 209, 262-63, 273-75. For a message from DO Allen
Dulles to the undercover officer/s/, see ibid., pp. 92-94. For evidence
of clandestine contacts in Tel Aviv, see ibid., pp. 170, 396-97.
(5)
. Aide-memoire from the Israeli embassy, 6 Dec. 1955, and unsigned message
to Anderson, 4 Feb. 1956, FR US, 1955-1957, 14:824, 15:138-40; Nasser quoted
in Heikal, Cairo Documents, pp. 55-57; and Russell to Dulles, 20 Feb. 1956,
FRUS, 1955-1957, 15:189-93. See also Sharett to Dulles, 12 Dec. 1955, Anderson
to Dulles, 24 Jan. 1956, unsigned message to Washington, 24 Jan. 1956,
Russell to Dulles, 5 Feb. 1956, ibid., 14:845-46, 15:58-66, 143-45; and
memorandum of conversation by Dulles, 11 Jan. 1956, Dulles Papers, White
House Memoranda Series, box 4.
(6)
Sharett to Dulles, 12 Dec. 1955, unsigned message to Anderson, 4 Feb. 1956,
Russell to Dulles, 5 Feb. 1956, FR US, 1955-1957, 14:847, 15:139-40, 144;
and memoranda of conversation by Hoover, 5, 12 Mar. 1956, Dulles Papers,
White House Memoranda Series, box 4.
(7)
Anderson to Dulles, 21, 22, 25 Jan. 1956, FRUS, 1955-1957, 15:43, 47-50,
68-70. See also Anderson to Dulles, 23, 29 Jan., 3 Feb., 6 Mar. 1956, Lawson
to Dulles, 25 Jan. 1956, Dulles to Anderson, 26, 28 Jan. 1956, Byroade
to Dulles, 21, 22 Feb. 1956, ibid., pp. 54-56, 72, 77-79, 91-92, 94-95,
133-35, 196-98, 207-9, 302-7; Nasser to Eisenhower, 6 Feb. 1956, and Eisenhower
to Nasser, 27 Feb. 1956, Whitman File: International Series, box 8; memorandum
of conversation by Hoover, 16 Mar. 1956, Dulles Papers, White House Memoranda
Series, box 4; and memorandum of conversation, 4 Apr. 1956, Dulles Papers,
Telephone Conversation Series, box 4.
(8).
Eisenhower diary entry, 13 Mar. 1956, Whitman File: Diary Series, box 9.
See also Anderson to Dulles, G Mar. 1956, Anderson to Hoover, 7 Mar. 1956,
memorandum of conversation by Russell, 15 Mar. 1956, unsigned message to
Washington, 21 Mar. 1956, and Russell to Dulles, 5 June 1956, FRUS, 1955-1957,
15:302-7, 310-14, 320-22, 367-70, 392-94, 707-14.
(9)
Dulles quoted in notes by Minnich, 2 Mar. 1956, Minnich Papers, Cabinet
Series, box 4; press statement by James C. Hagerty, 9 Apr. 1956, Dulles
Papers,box 106; Eisenhower to Nasser, [early Apr. 1956], Whitman File:
International Series, box 8; and memorandum of conversation by Dulles,
6 Apr. 1956, Dulles Papers, White House Memoranda Series, box 4. See also
memorandum of conversation by Goodpaster, 2 Feb. 1956, Whitman File: Diary
Series, box 12; memorandum of conversation, 7 Feb. 1956, and Byroade to
Dulles, 10 Apr. 1956, Whitman File: International Series, boxes 8 and 20;
minutes of meeting, 28 Feb. 1956, CAB 128/30, CM 17(56)3; Eden to Eisenhower,
18 Mar. 1956, PREM 11/1177; memorandum of conversation by Dulles, 26 Apr.,
1, 24 May, 13 July 1956, and Hanes to MacArthur, 1 May 1956, Dulles Papers,
White House Memoranda Series, box 4; Makins to Lloyd, 9 Apr. 1956, FO 800/723;
and progress report on NSC 5428, 17 May 1956, RG 273. For details on border
clashes and unsuccessful United Nations truce talks, see FR US, 1955-1957,
15:478-80, 488-96, 498-504, 524-27, 544-47, 561-63, 591-92, 602-3.
(10)
. Dulles quoted in progress report on NSC 5428, 2 Nov. 1955, RG 273; and
Dulles to Macmillan, 5 Dec. 1955, FRUS, 1955-1957, 14:820-21. See also
Byroade to Dulles, 1 Mar. 1955, memorandum of conversation by Shuckburgh,
14 July 1955, British minutes of meeting, 20 Sept. 1955, memoranda of conversation
by Russell, 26 Oct., 9 Nov. 1955, ibid., pp. 78-79, 294-97, 485-91, 653-54,
72023; telegram from army headquarters, [Aug. 1955], and Radford to Twining,
25 Oct. 1955, RG 218, CCS 381 EMMEA (11-19-47/, sections 22 and 23; Trevelyan
to Macmillan, 3 Nov. 1955, PREM 11/859; and minutes of meetings, 7, 30
Mar. 1955, 9 Feb. 1956, CAB 128/28 and 30, CC 21/55/1, CC 27(55/2, and
CM 10/56/1.
(11)
Minute by Eden, 3 Nov. 1955, PREM 11/859; Anderson to Dulles, 19 Jan. 1956,
FRUS, 1955-1957, 15:31; Dulles testimony, G Jan. 1956, U.S. Congress, Senate,
Executive Sessions, pp. 10-11; and Macmillan quoted in Home, Macmillan,
pp. 387-88. See also memorandum by Paul D. Harkins, 16 Dec. 1955, RG 319,
OPD 091 Jordan; Eisenhower diary entry, 10 Jan. 1956, Whitman File: Diary
Series, box 9; memorandum of conversation by Dulles, 11 Jan. 1956, Dulles
Papers, White House Memoranda Series, box 4; unsigned memorandum of conversation,
7 Feb. 1956, Whitman File: International Series, box 20; and Dawisha, Egypt
in the Arab World, pp. 13-14.
(12)
. Progress report on NSC 5428, 17 May 1956, RG 273; and minutes of meeting,
28 Feb. 1956, CAB 128/30, CM 17/56/4. See also Radford to Wilson, [Feb.
1956], RG 218, CCS 381 EMMEA (11-19-47), section 26; Eisenhower to Eden,
5 Apr. 1956, Whitman File: International Series, box 19; memorandum of
conversation by Goodpaster, 16 Mar. 1956, and memoranda of conversation,
7, 10 Apr. 1956, Whitman File: Diary Series, boxes 13 and 15; and Eisenhower,
Waging Peace, p. 77.
(13)
Unsigned memorandum of conversation, 30 Jan. 1956, FRUS, 1955-1957, 15:107;
Eden to Eisenhower, 5 Mar. 1956, PREM 11/1177; minutes of meeting, 6 Mar.
1956, CAB 128/30, CM 19(56)1; and Lloyd to Eden, 13 Mar. 1956, PREM 11/1476.
See also minute by Watson, 22 Feb. 1956, FO 371/119303, JE 1682/1;Lloyd
to Eden, 4 Mar. 1956, PREM 11/1476; record of conversation, 12 Mar. 1956,
I, FO 371/118861, JE 1053/9; Eden, Full Circle, pp. 388-90; Lloyd, Suez,
pp. 44-51; and Macmillan, Riding the Storm, pp. 90-93.
(14)
Memorandum of conversation, [30 Jan. 1956], Whitman File: International
Series, box 20; Hoover to Dulles, 16 Mar. 1956, Dulles Papers, White House
Memoranda Series, box 4; Eisenhower to Eden, [ca. 8 Mar. 1956), Whitman
File: Dulles-Herter Series, box 5; and Eisenhower diary entry, 8 Mar. 1956,
Whitman File: Diary Series, box 9. See also Dulles to Hoover, 8 Mar. 1956,
Whitman File: Dulles-Herter Series, box 5; Eisenhower diary entry, 28 Mar.
1956, Whitman File: Diary Series, box 9; and memorandum of conversation
by Dulles, 6 Apr. 1956, and Hanes to William Rountree, 10 May 1956, Dulles
Papers, White House B Memoranda Series, box 4.
(15)
. Lloyd to Trevelyan, 25 Mar. 1956, FO 371/118861, JE 1053/13. See also
minutes of meeting, 21 Mar. 1956, CAB 128/30, CM 24(56)5.
(16)
Eisenhower diary entry, 13 Mar. 1956, Whitman File: Diary Series, box 9;
, memorandum by Wilkins, 14 Mar. 1956, FR US, 1955-1957, 15:352-57; and
Dul les to Eisenhower, 28 Mar. 1956, Whitman File: Diary Series, box 13.
See also memoranda of conversation by Wilson, 15, 21 Mar. 1956, Makins
to Dulles, 21 Mar., 5 Apr. 1957, memoranda of conversation by MacArthur,
1, 4 Apr. 1956, Dunes to Byroade, 3 Apr. 1956, and editorial note, FR US,
1955-1957, 15:366, 383-87, 389-92, 435-45, 453-55, 457-62, 467-70; Eden
to Eisenhower, 19 Mar. 1956, and Eisenhower to Eden, 20 Mar. 1956, PREM
11/1177; and memorandum of conversation by Goodpaster, 29 Mar. 1956, Whitman
File: Diary Series, box 13.
(17)
Unsigned memorandum of conversation, 26 Sept. 1955, FR US, 1955-1957, I
14:518; Foreign Office brief, 7 Jan. 1956, FO 371/118861, JE 1053/1; Shuckburgh
diary, 1, 3, 12, 13 Mar. 1956, Descent to Suez, pp. 339-41, 346; Eden quoted
in Nutting, No End of a Lesson, p. 34; and Nutting quoted in Lapping.
End of Empire, p. 262.
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